199 research outputs found
ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ
Π£ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Π·Π° ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ, Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π·Π° Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΏΠ°Ρ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π½Π°Ρ Π΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅.
Π£Π»ΡΠ°ΡΠ²ΠΈΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π³ΡΠ΅Π°Ρ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ.
ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ, Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ, Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅ ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π°, ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°, ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅. Π§Π΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅, Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎ Π΄Π²Π° Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ°Ρ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ.
Π Π΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π½Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°, Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ° Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅. Π€ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ°Π»Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°
ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ
Π£ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅
ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π°, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π·Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅Π» Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°:
- ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π³ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ?
- ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ°?
- ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ?
- ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ±Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈ?
- ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ?
- ΠΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ?
- ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ?
ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π½ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡ Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ±Π°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π½Π°Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ : Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΠ½Π°Π±Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π±ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΎΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°Ρ, ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Ρ
ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π° Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠ½Π°Π±Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Π·Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°, Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°Π±Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ INN ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎ. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ 1990 Π΄ΠΎ 2006 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊ Π·Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. Π¦Π΅Π» Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡ Π΅ Π΄Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ 1990 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΡ Π΄Π° ΡΠ° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ 1991 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ 2006 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ Π . ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡ, ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΠ’Π‘ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ INN ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄
Development and validation of a method for the simultaneous determination of 20 organophosphorus pesticide residues in corn by accelerated solvent extraction and gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection
The method for simultaneous determination of 20 organophosphorus pesticide residues in corn samples has been developed and validated. For the extraction of organophosporus pesticide residues from the samples, the accelerated solvent technique with the mixture of dichloromethane: acetone (1:1, V/V) was used. Clean up was done using liquid β liquid extraction with n β hexane, followed by solid phase extraction on primary secondary amine adsorbent, and elution with the mixture of acetone: toluene (65:35). The determination of the pesticides was carried out by gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection. Separation and quantitative determination of the analytes were performed on a fused silica capillary ZB-35 column (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 ΞΌm, Phenomenex). The recovery was investigated in blank corn samples fortified with mevinphos, diazinon, dimethoate, bromofos-methyl, chlorfenvinphos, fenamiphos, ethion and phosalone at 5 ng/g, 10 ng/g, 15 ng/g , 20 ng/g and 25 ng/g, respectively and with methacrifos, phorate, etrimfos, parathion-methyl, pirimiphos - methyl, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, malathion, parathion, bromofos-ethyl, phosmet and azinphos-methyl at 10 ng/g, 20 ng/g, 30 ng/g, 40 ng/g and 50 ng/g, respectively. The recovery ranged from 76.0% to 112.0%. Repeatability expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 8.2%. Linearity expressed as correlation coefficient (R2) ranged from 0.9935 to 0.9996. Measurement uncertainty (Ux) was lower than 14.2% for all tested pesticides. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were bellow 5 ng/g for all tested pesticides. The satisfactory Z-score results of international proficiency tests confirm good analytical performances of the developed method.
Keywords: Organophosporus Pesticide Residues, Gas Chromatography, Accelerated Solvent Extraction, Solid Phase Extractio
Formulation of Diazepam suppositories with hydrophilic and lipophilic bases
Diazepam belongs to a class of a long-acting benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, sedative, and anxiolytic properties. Because of its rapid absorption it is a commonly used drug for the treatment of acute recurrent epileptic seizures that occur at children. It is also used for the treatment of acute febrile convulsions and as the drug of choice diazepam is given intravenously to produce the effect more quickly. But the intravenous method of application requires professional competence from medical personnel. Due to the difficult swallowing during a seizures, the oral and sublingual administration of diazepam in that case is impossible. Rectal formulations with diazepam stand out as a type of drug administration that achieves rapid application and timely action. Diazepam rectal solutions are not widely used because of the possibility of incorrect dosing and rectal leakage. Suppositories as a pharmaceutical dosage form are the drug of choice for administering diazepam. Absorption of the active component after rectal administration depends on: the melting or dissolution of the suppository and the diffusion of the active substance and the penetration of the dissolved molecules through the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane of the rectum. In the formulation of suppositories, the solubility of the active component in the base plays a major role. The bases used in manufacturing the suppositories can be hydrophilic or lipophilic. The aim of this study is to define a base of choice for the manufacture of diazepam suppositories, following the pharmaceutical-technological manufacturing process and the physico-chemical properties of the obtained suppositories. Suppositories were made with two types of bases, hydrophilic and lipophilic. Macrogol (Polyethylene glycol-PEG) with a different molecular weight is used as a hydrophilic base. During the technological development, three different formulations of suppositories were made with diazepam and a hydrophilic base Macrogol (PEG) with different molecular mass in different ratio. The first formulation consists of diazepam and Macrogol 6000, the second diazepam and Macrogol 6000- 40% and PEG 1500- 60% and the third of diazepam and Macrogol 6000 - 40%, Macrogol 1500 - 40% and Macrogol 400 - 20%. Lipophilic base Withepsol H15 was used in the other formulations, and one formulation was made with diazepam and Withepsol H15, and one formulation with diazepam and Withepsol H15 + Tween 80. Based on the obtained results, it is estimated that the third developed formulation, which in its composition has diazepam and a hydrophilic base in the following ratio Macrogol 6000 - 40%, Macrogol 1500 - 40% and Macrogol 400 - 20%, shows the best physico-chemical characteristics in relation to the rest. Keywords: diazepam, suppositories, formulation
ΠΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΌΠΏΠΈ- ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ
Π£Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π» Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄ΡΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ. ΠΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π±Π΅Π·Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ:
β’ ΡΠ»Π°Π±Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°.
β’ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ±Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ±Π°
ΠΠ°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ Π·Π° Π½Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π΅Π΄Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡ. ΠΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ- Π»Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ Π±Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π΄ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°, Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅. Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΌΠΏΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡ Π·Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°
Evaluation of topical preparations of meloxicam
Aim of the study: Meloxicam is a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory medicine that exhibits highly potent
analgesic, antipyretic activity indicated for pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis etc. Despite the
fact that this medicine possesses some COX-2 selectivity over COX-1, it is not considered as COX-2 inhibitor by
FDA. Compared with other NSAID, meloxicam is relatively safer, but unfortunately is associated with gastrointestinal
adverse effects. Currently commercial forms of meloxicam are tablets, oral suspension and injections. An
intriguing strategy to overcome these limitations is formulation of topical dosage forms for transdermal delivery.
Present study reports a detail review of data from clinical studies of different formulations of topical meloxicam,
methods of preparation and characterization of their structure, the influence of various parameters on the stability and the marketβs patented formulations by now
Parenteral preparations
The lecture is focused on principles of parenteral formulation, sterility testing, storage and packaging
Determination of some volatile compounds in fruit spirits produced from grapes (Vitis Vinifera L.) and plums (Prunus domestica L.) cultivars
Fruit spirits contain a large array of volatile compounds among which the important role from toxicological
aspect besides ethanol has methanol, aliphatic esters and fusel alcohols. This study evaluates the content of ethanol, ethyl acetate, methanol, isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol), n-propyl alcohol (propan-l-ol), isobutyl alcohol (2-methylpropan-1-ol), n-butyl alcohol (1-butanol), isoamyl alcohol (3-methyl-1-butanol) and n-amyl alcohol (pentan-1-ol) in different grapes and plum brandies industrially produced at Republic of Macedonia. Gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection (FID) was applied for the characterization of all investigated volatile compounds. The obtained results revealed that the highest methanol content was present in the samples of plum brandy, which is mainly due to the higher content of pectin in the raw material. The most important higher alcohols of grape and plum brandies were found to be: n-propyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol and isoamyl alcohol. In all the analyzed samples of grape and plum brandies, the most abundant was isoamyl alcohol which content ranged from 50.3 to 290.7 mg/100 mL a.a. Comparing the results with the data from the literature, it can be concluded that the concentrations of all investigated volatile compounds in the samples of grape and plum brandies are commonly acceptable.
Keywords: Fruit Spirits, Gas Chromatography (GC), Methanol, Ethyl Acetate, Fusel Alcohol
Formulation and packaging
The lecture is focused on formulation and packaging of different dosage forms
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